ffmpeg

convert a movie to a gif: ffmpeg -i some.mov some.gif

convert a movie to a gif, with an fps of 20, a width of 640 and a smaller palette:

ffmpeg -i some.mov \
  -filter_complex "[0:v] fps=20,scale=640:-1,split [a][b];[a] palettegen [p];[b][p] paletteuse" \
  some.gif

clip from the 2nd second of the movie to the 8th, and convert to a gif:

ffmpeg -ss 2 -t 6 -i some.mov some.gif

or alternately

ffmpeg -ss 2 -to 8 -i some.mov some.gif

or alternately

ffmpeg -ss 00:00:02 -to 00:00:08 -i some.mov some.gif

to clip and avoid reëncoding, use -c copy and make sure the output format matches the input:

ffmpeg -ss 2 -to 8 -c copy -i some.mov some.mov

to add subtitles to a clip and convert it to a gif, create an SRT file then apply it with:

ffmpeg -vf subtitles=in.srt -i some.mov out.gif

The subtitle file in.srt in this case looked like:

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:6,000
If this all seems a little confusing, don't worry, you can always clear things up by checking the official medicare.gov website

2
00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,000
Like here, on the "What Medicare Covers" webpage, which, at the time of this video's recording

3
00:00:010,000 --> 00:00:16,000
starts with the question "Is my plan covered"?

• this page has excellent documentation on advanced ffmpeg features